Francesca Albanese has a great answer to this question - Israel exists. It just does. There's no question of "right to exist" - it simply does exist. And this answer takes the wind out of the sails of the question.
The question having a good answer is a good reason to move on - but that's not how I roll. I'm instead going to go into what's being asked. The question isn't about Israel per se - but rather the foundational principle of Zionism - do Jewish people have a right to a national homeland? Some people say no - ethno-states are inherently unfair and undemocratic. Their very nature posits a two tier system with second class citizens - it is a recipe for apartheid. And most people agree that apartheid is bad.
It's a purity test - true states must grant equal rights to all of its citizens. This is a noble goal and I would love to support it. But I personally don't think the world we live in is unflawed enough to enshrine this rule.
Here is my disagreement - the history of the Jewish peoples is one of persecution and displacement and literal fucking genocide. For a lot of history, Jews have been deprived membership in any state and this is not only unfair, but also creates the circumstances for gross human rights violations - including one of the greatest crimes in all of human history. I do believe there is a need for a Jewish national homeland because of the long history of Jews being denied their right to self-determination. I believe that antisemitism still exists and it is pervasive and deadly dangerous, and that there is a movement that is actively trying to return all Jews to a position of statelessness and to deny them the right to self-determination.
But something I have now come to accept is that this does not mean that "Israel has a right to exist". This is how I reconcile my belief for a need for a Jewish national homeland while still considering myself an anti-Zionist. There should be a Jewish state - but not Israel, at least not the Israel we have now.
Statehood is defined by acceptance and recognition by other states. It is a political question - of course it is! The idea of statehood not being a political question is crazy and flies in the face of what a state is - a political entity.
As a result, recognition of states depends on its reputation. And that depends on the nature of the state. For example (at the risk of triggering Godwin's Law) - there are very few people who have issues with the existence of Germany as a state. There are a lot of people who would have issues with the existence of Nazi Germany as a state.
Does Israel have a right to exist? Depends on what you mean by "Israel"? Does a messianic terrorist apartheid state committed to genocide in the name of Greater Israel have a right to exist? Does a rogue state with pure and intense contempt for international law and a deep sense of grievance and belligerence towards all of its neighbours and an inability to extend basic human dignity to starving children - does such a state have a "right to exist"? No, it does not. No state with ambitions to subjugate or exterminate another people has a right to exist. That's my purity test - do you intend to do genocide? If yes, then I am opposed to you. And in a just world - the international community would hold the same position. And this is absolutely compatible with a belief in a Jewish homeland. Jews do have a right to a nation-state, but not to a nation-state that is actively engaged in genocide.
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